Now, are there any common tips when designing such machines? Is there a common rule for all arduino projects? What are some pitfalls that you got into when sketching?
-- Wiktorion

If you need CV output you need a proper MCP49xx DAC, the Arduino pcm outputs won't do it. There is an Arduino SPI Lib available for this. Arduino is nice to tinker around but I have read somewhere that Mutables Émilie classifies 8bit controllers as waste of time because you hit the limits very soon.

Btw this is my Atmega project: https://www.modulargrid.net/e/gezeiten-ultima-ratio-2016